Shalmaneser III 001
Obverse | ||
11 | m⸢dsál-ma-nu-SAG MAN kiš-šat⸣ UN.MEŠ NUN-⸢ú⸣ ŠID aš-šur MAN dan-nu MAN KUR aš-šur | (1) Shalmaneser, king of all people, prince, vice-regent of Aššur, strong king, king of Assyria, king of all the four quarters, sun(god) of all people, ruler of all lands, the king (who is the) desired object of the gods, chosen of the god Enlil, trustworthy appointee of Aššur, attentive prince, who gives income and offerings to the great gods, (5) pious one, who ceaselessly provides for the Ekur, faithful shepherd who leads in peace the population of Assyria, exalted overseer who heeds the commands of the gods, the resplendent one who acts with the support of Aššur (and) Šamaš, the gods his allies, and at the beginning of his reign conquered the upper sea and the lower sea, (who) has no rival among the princes of the four quarters, who indeed has seen remote and rugged regions (and) trodden upon the mountain peaks in all the highlands; |
22 | MAN kib-rat LÍMMU-i dšam-šu ⸢kiš⸣-šat UN.MEŠ ⸢mur⸣-ti-du-ú ka-liš KUR.KUR.MEŠ | |
33 | MAN ba-ʾi-it DINGIR.MEŠ ni-šit IGI.II dBAD GÌR.NITA aš-šur pit-qu-du | |
44 | NUN na-a-du na-din iš-qi ù nin-da-bé-e ana DINGIR.MEŠ GAL.MEŠ | |
55 | šaḫ-tu la mu-pár-ku-u za-nin É.KUR SIPA ke-e-nu šá ina šùl-me it-nàr-ru-ú1 | |
66 | ba-ʾu-lat KUR aš-šur per-ri-ku ṣi-i-ru šá a-na ṭé-me-et DINGIR.MEŠ ú-pa-qu šá-ru-ri | |
77 | šá ina tukul-ti daš-šur u dšá-maš DINGIR.MEŠ re-ṣu-šú DU.DU-ku-ma ina SAG MAN-ti-šú tam-tum | |
88 | e-⸢li⸣-tu u tam-tum šu-pá-li-tu ŠU-šu ik-šu-du ina mal-ki šá kib-rat LÍMMU-i šá-nin-šú là ⸢TUK⸣ | |
99 | u a-me-ru du-ur-gi u šap-šá-qi mu-kab-bi-is re-še-e-te šá KUR-e ka-liš ḫur-šá-ni | |
1010 | A aš-šur-PAP-A GAR dBAD ŠID aš-šur A tukul-ti-dMAŠ GAR dBAD ŠID aš-šur A 10-ERIM.TÁḪ GAR dBAD ŠID aš-šur-ma | (10) son of Ashurnasirpal (II), appointee of the god Enlil, vice-regent of Aššur, son of Tukultī-Ninurta (II), appointee of the god Enlil, vice-regent of Aššur, son of Adad-nārārī (II) (who was) also appointee of the god Enlil, vice-regent of Aššur: |
1111 | e-nu-ma aš-šur EN GAL-u ina ku-un ŠÀ-šu ina IGI.II.MEŠ-šu KÙ.MEŠ ud-da-ni-ma ana SIPA-ut KUR aš-šur ib-ba-⸢an⸣-[ni] | (11) When Aššur, the great lord, chose me in his steadfast heart (and) with his holy eyes and named me for the shepherdship of Assyria, he put in my grasp a strong weapon which fells the insubordinate, he crowned me with a lofty crown, (and) he sternly commanded me to exercise dominion over and to subdue all the lands insubmissive to Aššur. |
1212 | GIŠ.TUKUL dan-nu mu-šam-qit la ma-gi-ri ú-šat-me-ḫa-ni-ma a-ga-a MAḪ up-pi-ra EN-ti | |
1313 | nap-ḫar KUR.KUR.MEŠ la-a ma-gi-ru-ut aš-šur ana pe-li u šuk-nu-še ag-giš ú-ma-ʾe-ra-an-ni | |
1414 | ina u₄-me-šu-ma ina šur-rat MAN-ti-ia ina maḫ-re-e BALA.MEŠ-ia šá ina GIŠ.AŠ.TI MAN-ti GAL-iš ú-ši-bu | (14) At that time, in my accession year (and) in my first regnal year, after I nobly ascended the royal throne, (15) I mustered (my) chariots and troops. I entered the pass of the land Simesi (and) captured the city Aridu, the fortified city of Ninnu. I erected a tower of heads in front of the city. I burned ten cities in its environs. While I was residing in the same city Aridu, I received tribute of teams of horses from the people of the lands/mountains Ḫargu, Ḫarmasa, Sirišu, Ulmānu, (and) Simerra. |
1515 | GIŠ.GIGIR.MEŠ ERIM.ḪI.A.MEŠ ad-ki ina né-re-bi šá KUR.si-me-si KU₄-ub URU.a-ri-du URU dan-nu-ti-šu | |
1616 | šá mni-i-ni ak-ta-šad i-si-tu šá SAG.DU.MEŠ ina pu-ut URU-šú ar-ṣip 10 URU.MEŠ-ni šá li-me-tu-šú | |
1717 | ina IZI GÍBIL-up ki-i ina URU.a-ri-di-ma us-ba-ku-ni ma-da-tu šá KUR.ḫar-ga-a-a | |
1818 | KUR.ḫar-ma-sa-a-a KUR.si-ri-iš-a-a KUR.ul-ma-ni-a-a KUR.si-me-ra-a-a ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ | |
1919 | LAL-at GIŠ.ni-ri am-ḫur TA URU.a-ri-di at-tu-muš ar-ḫi pa-áš-qu-te KUR.MEŠ dan-nu-ti | (19b) Moving on from the city Aridu, I smashed out with copper picks rough paths in mighty mountains (20) which rose perpendicularly to the sky like the points of daggers (and) into which no one among the kings my .fathers had ever passed. I moved (my) chariots (and) troops over (those paths and) approached the city Ḫubuškia. I burned the city Ḫubuškia (and) all the cities in its environs. Kakia (Kāki), king of the city Ḫubuškia, (and) the remainder of his troops became frightened in the face of my weapons and they ascended mountains (25) (where) they fortified themselves (lit. “they took as a fortress”). I climbed up the mountains after them. I waged mighty war in the mountains (and) defeated them. I brought back his chariots (and) troops from the mountains. Overwhelmed by fear of the radiance of Aššur, my lord, they came down (and) submitted to me. I imposed upon them tribute of teams of horses. |
2020 | šá ki-ma še-lu-ut pat-ri a-na AN-e zi-qip-ta šak-nu ina MAN.MEŠ-ni AD.MEŠ-ia | |
2121 | mam-ma la-a e-ti-qu qé-reb-šú-nu ina ⸢ak-kul-la-ti⸣ šá URUDU aq-qur GIŠ.GIGIR.MEŠ ERIM-ḪI.⸢A⸣.[MEŠ] | |
2222 | ú-se-tiq a-na URU.ḫu-bu-uš-⸢ki⸣-a aq-ṭí-rib URU.ḫu-⸢bu⸣-uš-ki-a nap-ḫar URU.⸢MEŠ⸣ | |
2323 | ⸢šá li-me-tu-šú ina IZI.MEŠ a-sa-rap⸣ mka-a-ki MAN URU.ḫu-bu-uš-⸢ki⸣-a si-ta-at | |
2424 | ERIM.ḪI.A.MEŠ-šu TA pa-an GIŠ.TUKUL.MEŠ-ia ip-láḫ-ḫu-ma a-na KUR-e e-lu-ú-⸢ni⸣ | |
2525 | ||
2626 | dan-nu ina qé-reb KUR-e ⸢áš-kun BAD₅⸣.BAD₅-šú-nu am-ḫa-⸢aṣ⸣ GIŠ.GIGIR.MEŠ-šú <ERIM>.ḪI.A.⸢MEŠ-šú⸣ | |
2727 | TA qé-reb KUR-e ú-te-ra pu-⸢ul⸣-ḫi me-lam-me šá aš-šur EN-ia is-ḫu-pu | |
2828 | šú-nu-ti ur-du-ni GÌR.II-a iṣ-bu-tu ⸢ANŠE⸣.KUR.⸢RA⸣.<MEŠ> LAL-at GIŠ.ni-ri | |
2929 | UGU-šú-nu áš-⸢kun⸣ TA URU.ḫu-bu-uš-⸢ki⸣-a at-tu-muš a-na URU.su-gu-⸢ni⸣-a | (29b) Moving on from the city Ḫubuškia I approached the city Sugunia, the fortified city of Aramu the Urarṭian. I besieged the city, captured (it), massacred many of its (people), (and) carried off booty from them. I erected two towers of heads in front of his city. I burned fourteen cities in its environs. |
3030 | ||
3131 | URU a-si-bi ak-ta-šad GAZ.MEŠ-šú ḪI.A.MEŠ a-duk šal-la-su ⸢áš⸣-lu-la | |
3232 | 2 i-si-ta-te šá SAG.DU.MEŠ ina pu-ut URU-šú ar-ṣíb 14 URU.MEŠ-ni šá li-me-te-⸢šú⸣ | |
3333 | ina IZI.MEŠ ⸢GÍBIL⸣-up TA URU.⸢su-gu-ni⸣-a at-tu-muš a-na A.AB.BA | (33b) Moving on from the city Sugunia, I went down to the sea of the land Nairi. I washed my weapons in the sea (and) (35) made sacrifices to my gods. At that time, I made an image of myself (and) wrote thereon the praises of Aššur, the great lord, (and) the prowess of my power. I erected (it) by the sea. On my return from the sea I approached the city Gilzānu. I received tribute from Asû (Asua), the Gilzānean: teams of horses (and) camels with two humps. I brought (it) to my city Aššur. |
3434 | šá KUR.na-i-ri at-ta-rad GIŠ.TUKUL.MEŠ-ia ina A.AB.BA ú-⸢lil⸣ UDU.SISKUR.MEŠ | |
3535 | a-na DINGIR.MEŠ-ni-ia aq-qí ina u₄-me-šu-ma ṣa-lam bu-na-ni-ia DÙ-uš | |
3636 | ta-na-ti aš-šur EN GAL-e li-ti kiš-šú-ti-ia ina qé-reb-šú áš-ṭur | |
3737 | ||
3838 | a-na URU.gíl-za-ni aq-ṭí-ri-ib ma-da-tu šá ma-su-a KUR.gíl-za-na-a-a | |
3939 | ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ LAL-at GIŠ.ni-ri ta-ma-ra-te šá šu-un-na ṣe-ri-ši-na | |
4040 | (40b) ... In this first year I took the path to the western sea, also called the sea of the land Amurru. On my way I conquered the city Laʾlaʾtu, which belonged to Aḫunu, the man of Bīt-Adini. I received the tribute of Ḫabinu, the Tīl-Abnīan, of Gaʾunu, the Sarugean, (and) of Giri-Adad, the Immerinaean: silver, gold, tin, bronze, oxen, sheep, (and) wine. | |
4141 | ||
4242 | ù A.AB.BA šá KUR.<a>-mur-ri aṣ-bat ar-ḫu ina me-tàq-ti-ia URU.la-a-la-tu | |
4343 | šá ma-ḫu-ni DUMU-a-di-ni ak-ta-šad ma-da-tu ša mḫa-bi-ni URU.DU₆-ab-na-a-a | |
4444 | mga-aʾ-ú-nu URU.sa-ru-ga-a-a mgi-ri-dIŠKUR URU.im-me-ri-na-a-a | |
4545 | KÙ.BABBAR KÙ.GI AN.NA.MEŠ ZABAR.MEŠ GU₄.MEŠ UDU.MEŠ GEŠTIN.MEŠ at-ta-ḫar | |
4646 | [(x)] ⸢URU⸣ x x x x x ⸢ù ÍD.pu-rat?-te? ina? mi?-li-šá e-bir⸣ [(...)] | (46) [Moving on from] the city ... I crossed the Euphrates, which was in flood. [...] |
Lacuna of about six lines | ||
53'53' | [TA URU].⸢gúr-gu⸣-[me at-tu]-⸢muš⸣ [a]-na ⸢URU.lu-ti⸣-bu URU [dan-na-ti-šu ša mḫa]-a-a-ni | (53') Moving on [from the city] Gurgum I approached the city Lutibu, the [fortified) city of Hayyānu, the Samʾalite, Hayyānu, the Samʾalite, Sapalulme, (55´) the Patinean, [AIJunu], the man of Bīt-Adini, (and) Sangara, the [Carchemishite], put their trust in each other and prepared for war. They attacked me to do battle. With the exalted might of the divine standard which goes before me (and) with the fierce weapons [which] Aššur my lord gave tome, I fought (and) defeated them. I felled their fighting men with the sword, [rained down] upon them [destruction (lit. “flood”)] as the god Adad, (60´) piled up their (bodies) in ditches, [filled the extensive] plain with the corpses of their warriors, (and) with their blood I dyed the mountain red like red wool. I took from them (lit. “him”) numerous chariots (and) teams of horses. I erected a tower of heads in front of his city (and) [razed, destroyed, (and)] burned [his cities]. I made a colossal royal statue of myself (and) wrote [thereon] about my heroic deeds [and victorious actions. I erected (it)] before the source of the River Saluara at the foot of the [Amanus] range. |
54'54' | ⸢KUR.sa-am-ʾa-la-a-a aq-ṭí-rib⸣ mḫa-[a-a]-nu KUR.⸢sa-am-ʾa-la-a-a msa⸣-[pa-lu]-⸢ul-me⸣ | |
55'55' | ⸢KUR.pa-ti-na-a⸣-[a ma-ḫu-ni] ⸢DUMU-a⸣-di-⸢ni⸣ msa-an-ga-ra ⸢KUR⸣.gar-[ga-miš-a-a] | |
56'56' | ⸢a-na re-ṣu-te a⸣-[ḫa-miš] ⸢it⸣-tàk-lu-ma ik-⸢ṣu-ru MÈ a-na e⸣-[peš tuq-ma]-ti | |
57'57' | ⸢a-na⸣ GABA-ia it-bu-ni ina Á.MEŠ MAḪ.MEŠ-te ⸢šá dÙRI.GAL a-lik IGI-ia⸣ ina GIŠ.⸢TUKUL⸣.MEŠ ez-zu-te | |
58'58' | [šá] ⸢daš-šur⸣ EN iš-⸢ru-ka it-ti-šú-nu am⸣-da-ḫi-iṣ ⸢a-bi-ik-ta-šú-nu áš⸣-kun | |
59'59' | ⸢mun-daḫ-ṣi⸣-šú-nu ina ⸢GIŠ.TUKUL ú-šam-qit GIM d⸣IŠKUR ⸢muḫ-ḫi-šú-nu⸣ [...] | |
60'60' | ⸢ina ḫi-ri⸣-ṣi at-bu-uk-šú-nu ⸢šal-mat qu-ra-di-šú⸣-nu ⸢EDIN⸣ [...] | |
61'61' | ⸢ÚŠ.MEŠ-šú⸣-nu ⸢GIM⸣ na-pa-si KUR-a ⸢aṣ-ru⸣-up GIŠ.⸢GIGIR⸣.[MEŠ] ⸢ḪI.A.MEŠ ANŠE.KUR.RA.MEŠ LAL-at GIŠ⸣.GIŠ-⸢šú⸣ e-kim-šú | |
62'62' | ⸢a-si-tu ša SAG⸣.DU.MEŠ ina pu-ut URU-šú ⸢ar-ṣi-ip URU⸣.[MEŠ-šu ...] GÍBIL-up | |
63'63' | ⸢ṣa-lam MAN⸣-ti-ia ⸢šur-ba⸣-a DÙ-⸢uš⸣ il-ka-kat qur-di-[ia ...] ⸢al⸣-ṭur | |
64'64' | ⸢ina SAG⸣-e-⸢ni ÍD⸣.sa-lu-a-ra šá GÌR KUR-⸢e⸣ KUR.[ḫa-ma-ni at]-⸢tu⸣-muš | (64'b) Moving on [from the Amanus range] I crossed the Orontes River (and) approached the city Ali[ṣir (or Alimuš), the fortified city of Sapa]lulme, the Patinean. [To save] his life Sapalulme, the Patinean, [received] into [his] armed forces Aḫunu, the man of Bīt-Adini, Sangara, the Carchemishite, [Ha]yyānu, the Sa[mʾalite], Katê (Katia), the Quean, Piḫirim, the Ḫilukean, Bur-Anate, the Iasbuqean, (and) Adānu, the Iaḫanean. By the command of Aššur, my lord, (70´) I scattered their assembled forces. I besieged the city, captured (it), (and) carried off valuable [booty] from them, (namely) numerous chariots [(and) teams of horses]. I [felled 700 of their fighting men] with the sword. [In the midst of this battle] I captured [Bur-Anate, the Ias]buqean. [I captured] the great cities of [the Patinean. I overwhelmed the cities on the shore of the] upper sea [of the land Amur]ru, also called the [western] sea, [(so that they looked) like ruin hills (created by) the deluge. (75´) I received tribute from the kings] on the seashore. [I marched about by right of victory in the extensive area of the seashore. I made] an image of [my]lordship. [...]I approached [...] |
65'65' | ⸢ÍD⸣.a-ra-an-tu e-ti-bir a-na URU.⸢a-li⸣-[ṣir URU dan-na-ti-šu ša msa-pa]-⸢lu-ul⸣-me | |
66'66' | ⸢KUR.pa⸣-ti-na-a-a aq-ṭí-rib msa-pa-⸢lu-ul⸣-me ⸢KUR⸣.[pa]-⸢ti-na⸣-[a-a a-na šu-zu-ub] ⸢ZI⸣.MEŠ-šú | |
67'67' | ma-ḫu-nu DUMU-a-di-ni msa-an-ga-ra URU.gar-ga-⸢miš⸣-[a-a mḫa]-⸢a-a-nu KUR.sa⸣-[ma-ʾa-la-a-a] | |
68'68' | mka-ti-a KUR.[qu]-ú-a-a mpi-ḫi-⸢ri-im⸣ KUR.⸢ḫi-lu⸣-ka-a-a mbur-a-na-⸢te⸣ KUR.⸢ia-as⸣-bu-qa-a-a | |
69'69' | ma-da-a-nu ⸢KUR.ia-ḫa-na-a⸣-a a-na Á.MEŠ-[šu il-qa]-⸢a⸣ ina qí-bit ⸢daš-šur⸣ EN-⸢ia⸣ | |
70'70' | ⸢UKKIN-šú-nu⸣ [ú]-⸢pár⸣-ri-ir URU a-si-⸢bi⸣ ak-ta-⸢šad⸣ [šal-la-su-nu] ⸢DUGUD-tu GIŠ.GIGIR⸣.[MEŠ-šu ḪI].A.⸢MEŠ?⸣ | |
71'71' | [...] | |
72'72' | ⸢ina GIŠ.TUKUL⸣.[MEŠ] ⸢ú⸣-[šam-qit ...] ⸢KUR.ia-as-bu-qa⸣-a-a ⸢qa-ti ik⸣-šu-ud | |
73'73' | ⸢ma-ḫa-zi.MEŠ GAL⸣.[MEŠ ...] ⸢tam⸣-di e-li-ni-ti [ša KUR.a-mur]-⸢ri⸣ | |
74'74' | ||
75'75' | ||
76'76' | ⸢ṣa-lam EN⸣-[ti-ia ...] | |
77'77' | [...] | |
78'78' | a-[...] ⸢aq-ṭí⸣-rib | |
79'79' | [...] | |
80'80' | [...] | |
81'81' | ⸢ma-da-tu⸣ [...] x x x [...] | (81') [I received] tribute [from Aramu, the man of Bīt-Agūsi: silver, gold, oxen, sheep], wine, (and) a [gold (and) silver] bed. |
82'82' | x x [... ina li-me MU MU]-ia-ma [... at]-⸢tu-muš ÍD⸣.ḪAL.ḪAL e-te-bir | (82'b) [On the thirteenth day of the month Ayyāru, in the eponymy of] my own [name, I] moved out [from Nineveh], crossed the Tigris, traversed Mounts Ḫa[samu (and) Diḫnunu], (and) approached [the city Tīl-Barsip, the fortified city] of Aḫunu, the man of Bīt-Adini. [Trusting in the strength of his troops Aḫunu, the man of Bīt-Adini, attacked me. I defeated him (and) confined him to his city]. |
83'83' | ⸢KUR.ḫa⸣-[sa-mu x at-ta]-bal-kat a-[na URU.DU₆-bar-sa-ip dan-nu]-ti-⸢šú⸣ ša ma-⸢ḫu⸣-[ni] | |
84'84' | ⸢DUMU-a-di⸣-[ni] ⸢aq-ṭí-rib⸣ [...] x [...] x [...] x | |
85'85' | [x] x x x [...] ⸢at-tu-muš ÍD.A⸣.[RAD ...] | (85'b) Moving on [from Tīl-Barsip I crossed] the Euphrates, [...I] approached [..., a city belonging to] Aḫunu, the man of Bīt-Adi[ni ... I captured it]. I massacred many [of its (people) ...]. |
86'86' | [...] ma-⸢ḫu⸣-ni DUMU-a-⸢di⸣-[ni aq?-ṭí?]-⸢rib⸣ x [x]-na | |
87'87' | ⸢KUR⸣.[...] x [...] ⸢a⸣ [... ma-ʾa-at]-tu a-duk | |
88'88' | x [...] ⸢e⸣ [x] kat x x x x [...] x EDIN [...] ⸢MAN-ti ú-nu-ut MÈ-šú⸣ áš-lu-la | (88'b) [...] the plain [...] of royalty, his battle equipment, I carried off. [...] (90´) Moving on from [the city ...]ra I approached the city Dabigu. [...], the fortified [city] of Aḫunu, the man of Bīt-Adini. I besieged (and) captured (it). I massacred their (people) (and) carried off booty from them. I razed (and) destroyed the city (and) turned it into a devastated ruin hill. |
89'89' | x [...] x [...] x x [...] x x x x x TA [URU.x-x]-x-ra | |
90'90' | ⸢at-tu-muš⸣ a-na URU.⸢da-bi-gi⸣ [x (x)] x x [x (x)] x x-ti URU dan-⸢nu-ti-šú ša⸣ ma-ḫu-ni | |
91'91' | DUMU-a-di-ni aq-ṭí-rib a-si-bi ak-ta-šad GAZ.MEŠ-⸢šú-nu⸣ a-duk ⸢šal-la-su⸣-[nu] ⸢áš-lu-la⸣ | |
92'92' | URU ab-bùl aq-qur a-na DU₆ ù ár-bu-ti ú-ter ki-i ina URU.da-⸢bi-gi⸣-ma us-ba-⸢ku⸣-ni | (92'b) While. I was residing in the same city, Dabigu, I received the tribute of Qalpurunda, the Unqite, (of) Mutallu, the Gurgumite, (of) Ḫayyānu, the Samʾalite, (and of) Aramu, the man of Bīt-Agūsi: silver, gold, tin, bronze, iron, bronze, red-purple wool, elephant ivory, garments with multi-colored trim, linen garments, oxen, sheep, wine, (and) ducks (iṣṣirū rabûtu). |
93'93' | ma-da-tu šá mqàl-pu-ru-un-da URU.un-qa-a-a mmu-tal-li URU.gúr-gu-ma-a-a | |
94'94' | ⸢mḫa⸣-ia-a-ni KUR.sa-am-ʾa-la-a-a ma-ra-me DUMU-[m]⸢a-gu-si⸣ KÙ.BABBAR KÙ.GI AN.NA.MEŠ ZABAR.MEŠ AN.BAR.MEŠ | |
95'95' | ZABAR.MEŠ SÍG.ZA.GÌN.SA₅ ZÚ AM.SI GIŠ.TÚG lu-bùl-ti bir-me lu-bùl-ti GIŠ.GADA.MEŠ GU₄.MEŠ UDU.MEŠ GEŠTIN.MEŠ MUŠEN.MEŠ.GAL.MEŠ am-ḫur |
1it-nàr-ru-ú: for ittanarrû, Gtn of warû. Cf. von Soden, AHw p. 1473.
Based on A. Kirk Grayson, Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858-745 BC) (RIMA 3), Toronto, 1996. Adapted by Jamie Novotny (2016) and lemmatized and updated by Nathan Morello (2016) for the Munich Open-access Cuneiform Corpus Initiative (MOCCI), a corpus-building initiative funded by LMU Munich and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (through the establishment of the Alexander von Humboldt Chair for Ancient History of the Near and Middle East) and based at the Historisches Seminar - Abteilung Alte Geschichte of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. The annotated edition is released under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license 3.0. Please cite this page as http://oracc.org/riao/Q004606/.