The list below presents the principal rulers of Babylonia from the twelfth to the first centuries BC in alphabetic order. Like the Rulers of Babylonia (1157-64 BC): Chronological Order page [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/rulersofbabylonia115764bc/index.html], the dates used here follow those of J.A. Brinkman (in A. Leo Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1977 [revised edition, completed by E. Reiner], pp. 338-341).
Rulers:
A
Adad-apla-iddina [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon2/rulers/adadaplaiddina/index.html] (1068-1047 BC; Second Dynasty of Isin)
Alexander III (the Great) (330-323 BC; Macedonian Period)
Alexander IV (316-307 BC; Macedonian Period)
Amēl-Marduk [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon7/rulers/amelmarduk/index.html] (562–560 BC; Neo-Babylonian Dynasty)
Alexander I Balas (150-145 BC; Seleucid Period)
Alexander II Zabinas (128-123 BC; Seleucid Period)
Antiochus I Soter [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon10/rulers/antiochusisoter/index.html] (281-261 BC; Seleucid Period)
Antiochus II Theos (261-246 BC; Seleucid Period)
Antiochus III (the Great) (223-187 BC; Seleucid Period)
Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-164 BC; Seleucid Period)
Antiochus V Eupator (164-162 BC; Seleucid Period)
Antiochus VI Epiphanes (145-142 BC; Seleucid Period)
Antiochus VII Sidetes (139-129 BC; Seleucid Period)
Antiochus VIII Grypus (125-96 BC; Seleucid Period)
Antiochus IX Cyzicenus (115-95 BC; Seleucid Period)
Antiochus X Eusebes (95-83 BC; Seleucid Period)
Antiochus XI Epiphanes Philadelphus (92 BC; Seleucid Period)
Antiochus XII Dionysus (87-84 BC; Seleucid Period)
Antiochus XIII Asiaticus (69-64 BC; Seleucid Period)
Artaxerxes I (464-424/3 BC; Persian Period)
Artaxerxes II (404-359 BC; Persian Period)
Artaxerxes III (358-338 BC; Persian Period)
Artaxerxes IV (337-336 BC; Persian Period)
Aššur-nādin-šumi [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/periodofassyriandomination/ashurnadinshumi/index.html] (699-694 BC; Ḫanigalbat Dynasty)
B
Baba-aḫa-iddina [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/babaahaiddina/index.html] (812? BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Bardiya (Smerdis; 522 BC; Persian Period)
Bēl-ibni [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/periodofassyriandomination/belibni/index.html] (702-700 BC; E Dynasty)
C
Cambyses II (529-522 BC; Persian Period)
Cyrus II [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon8/rulers/cyrusii/index.html] (559-530 BC; Persian Period)
D
Darius I (521-486 BC; Persian Period)
Darius II (423-405 BC; Persian Period)
Darius III (335-330 BC)
Demetrius I Soter (162-150 BC; Seleucid Period)
Demetrius II Nicator (145-139 and 129 BC; Seleucid Period)
Demetrius III Eucaerus (95-88 BC; Seleucid Period)
I
Itti-Marduk-balāṭu [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon2/rulers/ittimardukbalatu/index.html] (1139-1132 BC; Second Dynasty of Isin)
E
Ea-mukīn-zēri [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon3/rulers/eamukinzeri/index.html] (1008 BC; Second Dynasty of the Sealand)
Enlil-nādin-apli [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon2/rulers/enlilnadinapli/index.html] (1103-1100 BC; Second Dynasty of Isin)
Erība-Marduk [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/eribamarduk/index.html] (?-? BC; E Dynasty)
Esarhaddon [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/periodofassyriandomination/esarhaddon/index.html] (680-669 BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Eulmaš-šākin-šumi [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon4/rulers/eulmashshakinshumi/index.html] (1004-988 BC; Bazi Dynasty)
K
Kandalānu [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/periodofassyriandomination/kandalanu/index.html] (647-627 BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Kaššû-nādin-aḫḫē [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon3/rulers/kashunadinahhe/index.html] (1007-1005 BC; Second Dynasty of the Sealand)
L
Lâbâši-Marduk [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon7/rulers/labashimarduk/index.html] (556 BC; Neo-Babylonian Dynasty)
M
Mār-bīti-aḫḫē-iddina [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/marbitiahheiddina/index.html] (942-? BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Mār-bīti-apla-uṣur [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon5/rulers/marbitiaplausur/index.html] (984-979 BC; Elamite Dynasty)
Marduk-aḫḫē-erība [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon2/rulers/mardukahheeriba/index.html] (1046 BC; Second Dynasty of Isin)
Marduk-apla-iddina II [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/periodofassyriandomination/mardukaplaiddinaii/index.html] (721-710 BC and 703 BC; Sealand Dynasty)
Marduk-apla-uṣur [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/mardukaplausur/index.html] (?-? BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Marduk-balāssu-iqbi [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/mardukbalassuiqbi/index.html] (?-813? BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Marduk-bēl-[zēri] [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/mardukbelzeri/index.html] (?-? BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Marduk-kabit-aḫḫēšu [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon2/rulers/mardukkabitahheshu/index.html] (1157-1140 BC; Second Dynasty of Isin)
Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon2/rulers/marduknadinahhe/index.html] (1099-1082 BC; Second Dynasty of Isin)
Marduk-šāpik-zēri [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon2/rulers/mardukshapikzeri/index.html] (1081-1069 BC; Second Dynasty of Isin)
Marduk-zākir-šumi I [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/mardukzakirshumii/index.html] (?-? BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Marduk-zākir-šumi II [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/periodofassyriandomination/mardukzakirshumiii/index.html] (703 BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Marduk-zēr-[...] [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon2/rulers/mardukzer/index.html] (1045-1034 BC; Second Dynasty of Isin)
Mušēzib-Marduk [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/periodofassyriandomination/mushezibmarduk/index.html] (692-689 BC; E Dynasty)
N
Nabonidus [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon7/rulers/nabonidus/index.html] (555-539 BC; Neo-Babylonian Dynasty)
Nabopolassar [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon7/rulers/nabopolassar/index.html] (625–605 BC; Neo-Babylonian Dynasty)
Nabû-apla-iddina [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/nabuaplaiddina/index.html] (?- ? BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Nabû-mukīn-apli [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/nabumukinapli/index.html] (978-943 BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Nabû-mukīn-zēri [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/nabumukinzeri/index.html] (731-729 BC; Šapî Dynasty)
Nabû-nādin-zēri [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/nabunadinzeri/index.html] (733-732 BC; E Dynasty)
Nabû-nāṣir [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/nabunasir/index.html] (747-734 BC; E Dynasty)
Nabû-šuma-iškun [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/nabushumaishkun/index.html] (?-748 BC; E Dynasty)
Nabû-šuma-ukīn I [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/nabushumaukini/index.html] (?-? BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Nabû-šuma-ukīn II [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/nabushumaukini/index.html] (732 BC; E Dynasty)
Nabû-šumu-libūr [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon2/rulers/nabushumulibur/index.html] (1033-1026 BC; Second Dynasty of Isin)
Nebuchadnezzar I [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon2/rulers/nebuchadnezzari/index.html] (1125-1104 BC; Second Dynasty of Isin)
Nebuchadnezzar II [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon7/rulers/nebuchadnezzarii/index.html] (604–562 BC; Neo-Babylonian Dynasty)
Nergal-ušēzib [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/periodofassyriandomination/nergalushezib/index.html] (693 BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Neriglissar [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon7/rulers/neriglissar/index.html] (560–556 BC; Neo-Babylonian Dynasty)
Ninurta?-apl?-[...] [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/ninurtaapl/index.html] (?-? BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Ninurta-kudurrī-uṣur I [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon4/rulers/ninurtakudurriusuri/index.html] (987-985 BC; Bazi Dynasty)
Ninurta-kudurrī-uṣur II [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/ninurtakudurriusurii/index.html] (943 BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Ninurta-nādin-šumi [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon2/rulers/ninurtanadinshumi/index.html] (1131-1126 BC; Second Dynasty of Isin)
P
Philip Arrhidaeus (323-316 BC; Macedonian Period)
Philip I Philadelphus (92-83 BC; Seleucid Period)
Philip II Philoromaeus (65-64 BC; Seleucid Period)
S
Sargon II [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/periodofassyriandomination/sargonii/index.html] (709-705 BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Seleucus I Nicator (305-281 BC; Seleucid Period)
Seleucus II Callinicus (246-226 BC; Seleucid Period)
Seleucus III Soter (225-223 BC; Seleucid Period)
Seleucus IV Philopator (187-175 BC; Seleucid Period)
Seleucus V Philometor (125 BC; Seleucid Period)
Seleucus VI Epiphanes Nicator (96-95 BC; Seleucid Period)
Sennacherib [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/periodofassyriandomination/sennacherib/index.html] (704-703 BC and 688-681 BC; Ḫanigalbat Dynasty)
Shalmaneser V [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/periodofassyriandomination/shalmaneserv/index.html] (726-722 BC; Baltil Dynasty)
Šamaš-mudammiq [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/earlyfirstmillenniumrulers/shamashmudammiq/index.html] (?-? BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Šamaš-šuma-ukīn [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/periodofassyriandomination/shamashshumaukin/index.html] (667-648 BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Širikti-Šuqamuna [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon4/rulers/shiriktishuqamuna/index.html] (985 BC; Bazi Dynasty)
Simbar-Šipak [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon3/rulers/simbarshipak/index.html] (1025-1008 BC; Second Dynasty of the Sealand)
Sîn-šarra-iškun [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/periodofassyriandomination/sinsharraishkun/index.html] (626 BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Sîn-šumu-līšir [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/periodofassyriandomination/sinshumulishir/index.html] (626 BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
Sogdianus (424/3 BC; Persian Period)
T
Tiglath-pileser III [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ribo/babylon6/periodofassyriandomination/tiglathpileseriii/index.html] (728-727 BC; Uncertain Dynasties)
X
Xerxes I (485-465 BC; Persian Period)
Xerxes II (424/3 BC; Persian Period)
Further reading
The following books offer basic introductions into the history of ancient Mesopotamia:
Kuhrt, A., The Ancient Near East c. 3000-330 BC (Routledge History of the Ancient World), London/New York: Routledge, 1995.
Oppenheim, A.L., Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977 (revised edition; completed by E. Reiner).
Radner, K., and E. Robson (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Roaf, M., Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East, New York: Facts on File, 1990.
Van De Mieroop, M., A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC (Blackwell History of the Ancient World), Oxford: Blackwell, 2007 (second edition).